The First Civilizations The Rise Of Civilization

The first civilizations, the foundations for future empires, were all founded and created between 3500 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E. by groups of nomadic peoples who decided to settle in an area for certain group specific reasons. Some of the main states of the first civilization were Mesopotamia, Norte Chico, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and Olmec. The second wave civilizations, built between 500 B.C.E. and 500 C.E., included the Persians, the Greeks, Romans, Chinese (Qin and Han), and India (Mauryan and Gupta). The first wave civilizations were sparked by the agricultural movement that led to the settlement of large groups of people in areas that became the cities and states that formed these first civilizations. The rise of civilization led to†¦show more content†¦The key similarities between the two waves of civilizations are important and were continued throughout history even further than the empires of the second wave. These similarities included slavery, treatment of women, a nd the patriarch and monarch rulers; these similarities were intertwined in both waves. Hierarchies of gender declared that women and men were not equal because â€Å"to be gendered as masculine or feminine defines the roles and behavior considered appropriate for men and women in every human community.† The hierarchy of gender led to the creation of patriarchy, the concept that women are lesser or subordinate to men in all aspects of life. This idea of patriarchy meant sons were valued more than daughters, men had more opportunities in society and with jobs, the opportunity to rule, and men were the heads of their households. However, this wasn’t true for every society, even in the first civilizations there were cities and groups of people living within some states that allowed women to do what they wanted to do out in society. The Egyptians were a good example of equality as women were legally viewed equal to men. They were able to own land and slaves, initiate divo rce, and rarely they would reach the position of queen, the most famous being Hatshepsut. On the more extreme side, in ancient Mesopotamia, patriarchy took root quickly in the form of actual written law. The code of Hammurabi was created in 1750 B.C.E. creating very submissive laws forShow MoreRelatedThe First Global Civilization : The Rise And Spread Of Islam1539 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 6: The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam Introduction Muslims believed in Allah. This was their God. They only believed in Allah. Muslim’s biggest rivals were Christians. In the seventh century, Muhammed controlled several empires, including Persia, Greece, and Egypt. These empires took him decades to acquire, however. Empires were beginning to spread to places like: -Africa, Asia and Southern Europe. -Central Asia, Western Asia and Southern Asia. -They alsoRead MoreFactors That Affect The Rise And Fall Of Civilizations Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesEffect the Rise and the Fall of Mayan Civilization Area and Egyptian Civilization Area In ancient time, environmental factors were very important. It directed the people to where they should settle to practice agriculture for their living. Among many different important environmental factors such as geography, geology, plant and animal species, agricultural potential, resource abundance, one of the most significants factors which influenced to the rise and the fall of civilizations is climateRead MoreEgypt : The Egyptian Civilization920 Words   |  4 PagesEgypt was never like that today. 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Dementi A Chronic Disorder Of Mental Process Caused By...

Gray 1 INTRO Dementia is a chronic disorder of mental process caused by brain disease or injury. There are seven stages of dementia. In stage one, nobody has dementia. Stage two is when the person starts forgetting names and where familiar objects were left. Stage three, is difficulty concentrating and decreased work performance. By stage four, the ones diagnosed start to lose memory of recent events and have troubles of traveling alone to new locations. Stage five sometimes the victims need help with daily activities, like dressing and eating. Even may also forget their address and phone number. In stage six, they may start to forget names of close family members. Also, have problems counting down from ten. The†¦show more content†¦These medications were developed to treat Alzheimer s disease, but also may be tried in other dementia groups. You also want to stay away from specific medications when you have dementia and Alzheimer’s. They can make you have seizures and muscle spasms, they may also increase behavior problems and impairment. There primary care doctor may refer them to a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer s disease and related dementia. Alzheimer s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness. She had many problems that were signs of Alzheimer’s. As this disease worsens over time, victims of dementia start to get very ill and your brain cells start to fade away. If all their brain cells die and go away, then the victims can get even worse and soon pass on. The ones diagnosed with dementia who have a parent, brother, sister or child with Alzheimer s is more likely to develop the disease. The risk increases if more than one family member has the illness. Some main complications of dementia is the ability to do stuff for yourself, lost the ability to interact with loved ones or anyone else. Gray 3 Alzheimer’s reports that nearly two-thirds of Americans suffering from Alzheimer’s are women. It is important that this does not mean there is a gender-based for the disease, the primary reason forShow MoreRelatedLevel 3 Health and Social Care Unit 365dementia3984 Words   |  16 Pages Understanding the Process and Experience of Dementia. A1 Describe the causes of all the different types of Dementia Alzheimer’s disease: The brain is a very complex organ and it is divided up into different areas that control bodily functions. The brain contains at least 100 billion cells. In dementia some of these cells stop working. The part of the brain this occurs in will affect how that person thinks, remembers and communicates. Alzheimers disease, first described by

Separting the Components of Panacetin free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the composition of a simulated pharmaceutical preparation Panacetin, a proposed type of pain-killer. Panacetin is typically made up of sucrose, aspirin, and acetaminophen, but the third component in this experiment is unknown. The unknown component is suspected to be a chemical relative of acetaminophen, either acetanilide or phenacetin. Using techniques such as extraction, evaporation, and filtration, the three components will be isolated based on their solubilities and acid-base properties. The percent composition of Panacetin will also be deduced based on the masses of the three dried components; this is done to verify the composition attained is consistent with those listed on the preparations label. As a result of this investigation, my teammates and I allowed the Panacetin to undergo gravity filtration and separation techniques in order to identify whether there are any discrepancies in the components of the Panacetin. Furthermore, recrystallization and purification methods were used to determine if the unknown substance were similar in properties to either of the suspected unknown substances by comparing factors such as melting points to the chemical properties of phenactin and acetanilide. We will write a custom essay sample on Separting the Components of Panacetin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The results were as expected, based on the molecular weights and ratios of each separated chemicals, as well as the boiling point of the unknown it was determined that these ranges were close enough to indicate that the label is reasonably accurate in its composition. To add on however the identity of the unknown component differed from what the label indicated. In the end, the percentage composition attained based on our observations and yield confirmed that indeed the chemical composition of Panacetin were as indicated on the preparations label. The identity of the unknown component however suggested that the preparation did not contain acetaminophen as indicated, but instead was consistent with the chemical properties of acetanilide.

Legalization Of Gambling In Ohio Essays - Online Gambling, Gambling

Legalization Of Gambling In Ohio Legalization of Gambling in Ohio The words Casinos and Gambling are often associated with gangsters, prostitution, murderers, and all the illegal operations one could think of. Those kinds of stereotypes are picked up in movies like Casino and the countless other gangster and casino related movies that are based in the 50s, 60s, and 70s, but that was then and this is now. While there may be some vestigial ties between organized crime and casinos, gambling is now big business (Weissman 1). The term gambling or gaming as the industry calls it, means any legalized form of wagering or betting conducted in a casino, on a riverboat, on an Indian reservation, or at any other location under the jurisdiction of the United States (National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act). The hobby of gambling is a part of most people lives. Casual bets on the Bulls and Knicks game or a weekend poker game at your buddies house are both forms of gambling. Gambling is a multi-billion dollar industry and Amy J. Seifert said in her article The Stakes that gambling has become one of the nations fastest growing industries (Seifert 2). Ohio can get a piece of that if they legalize all forms of gambling. Gambling, like baseball, is a national pastime. Gambling is deeply imbedded in the history of United States. Many settlers in Jamestown had their passageway paid for by the sale of lottery tickets. The revolutionary army was funded by lottery tickets also--Gen. George Washington bought the first one. In the 18th Century, buildings at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton were financed by lotteries (History of Gambling...1). Many people of the 1800s wouldnt be caught dead without a deck of cards. Despite its illegality, gambling during the 1860s was a popular pastime among the miners of Virginia City and Gold hill... A deck of cards was as much a part of a miners possessions as was the pick with which he unearthed silver from the mines (History of Gambling...1). The first territorial legislature that outlawed games of chance wasnt written until 1861(History of Gambling...1), but the law was unenforced. Probably because the cops themselves were playing. Nothing could be done to stop gambling so they tried to regulate it. In 1869 when the state legislature enacted a law requiring a license to operate a game, the state and local governments filled their coffers with the fees charged gaming operators (History of Gambling...1). Nevada legislature ordered all gambling establishments to close their doors in 1910 (History of Gambling...1). So what does someone do when something becomes outlawed? They go underground, and thats what people did. During the ban, gangsters Big Bill Graham and Jimmy The Couch Mckay operated illegal halls and monopolized prostitution and bootlegging when prohibition was enacted in 1919 (History of Gambling...1). When the Great Depression set-in, everyone looked for ways to make some money. During the depression, state legislators sought out ways to increase state revenues. Phil Tobin, a Nevada legislator from Winnemucca argued that since gambling still existed despite laws banning it, the state should legalize gambling and tax it. They did (History of gambling...1). In 1931, the state of Nevada legalized gambling.(History of Gambling...1). Casino gaming did not become a major industry until after World War II, when it flourished in response to increasing social acceptance and population booms in California and other western states (History of Gambling...1). The first respectable casinos were built in Reno by the Smiths and Bill Harrah in the mid-1930s. The Smiths and his partners opened Harolds Club and Harrah opened Harrahs (History of Gambling...1). Those clubs were alright but nothing compared to the casino being built down south in Las Vegas. Las Vegas was a small town until gangster Benjamin Bugsy Siegal changed the citys character forever by constructing its first lavish hotel-casino in 1945 (Gambling-Encarta). It was know as the Flamingo. The casino industry started and there was no looking back. Nevadas economy exploded and has made trillions to date. Gambling isnt just rolling the dice and praying for a seven or eleven. There are many different types of legalized gambling. The most obvious being casino-style gambling. Someone could play roulette, card and dice games, slot machines, and electronic games such as video poker and video slots. Other forms of gambling include Horse racing-the wagering of money on the outcome of a horse race, Indian gambling-the gambling allowed on Indian owned land. In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act which reestablished the right of sovereign Indian tribes

Theoretical Perspectives on Remembering and Forgetting Essay Example

Theoretical Perspectives on Remembering and Forgetting Essay Example Theoretical Perspectives on Remembering and Forgetting Essay Theoretical Perspectives on Remembering and Forgetting Essay Introduction One of the most interesting subjects in an introductory class in psychological science is the construct of memory ; an resistless subject to position. survey and larn due to its relevancy and the personal benefits a individual can deduce vastly in the class of his/her survey. Peoples enjoy the sheer effort that those with exceeding abilities exhibit them in assorted ways. It is interesting to observe that in a survey on memory. a individual like Arturo Toscanini. a world-renowned music director. was said to hold been able to memorise every note written for every individual instrument in some 250 symphonic musics and all the music and wordss for more than 100 operas ( Morris A ; Maisto. 1999 in Neisser. 1982 ) . Peoples like him are illustrations of those with genuinely singular memories. It is natural for many to be interested in their modus operandis or merely what sort of memory they are. How of import is the apprehension of retrieving and burying? This is best seen in how some people seem allergic to the impression of being ascribed as forgetful in some countries of his/her life. or the fright of one twenty-four hours detecting that Alzheimer’s disease is looming big in an individual’s immediate hereafter. Peoples normally make attempts to procure that this portion of the brain’s installation is working good through personal research on the subject. some signifiers of mental exercising. and consuming specific nutritionary addendums. among others. However. there are legion facts and information that the mean individual must cognize about this really indispensable mental operation and the attach toing huge abilities or undertakings that every person encephalon is capable of. Its geographic expedition for a few is typically out of wonder ; nevertheless. many people often come across the constructs serendipitously and so detect the enjoyment of larning the stuff. This paper attempts to depict and explicate in precis. what memory is. its importance. the difference between short and long-run memory. and the theoretical positions that explain and help understand why people remember and bury. Discussion Merely what is meant by memory. and how are the footings short-run memory and long-run memory normally defined by psychologists? When a person’s memory suffers. what are normally the factors and accounts for such an juncture? Relevance and Definition of footings The survey of memory and specifically why people remember and bury any stuff is relevant particularly in the country of larning in peculiar and in instruction in general. Furthermore. it is a portion of this intricate web of acquisition and much of a person’s accommodation procedures. his whole being. depend mostly on it. Importance of Memory and its survey Memory is defined chiefly as theability to retain cognition: the ability of the head or of a individual or being to retain erudite information and cognition of past events and experiences and to recover that information and cognition. It is besidessomebody’s stock of maintained cognition and experience. and theretained feeling of event: the cognition or feeling that person retains of a individual. event. period. or subject( Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 ) . Short-run Memoryhas a batch to make with everyday stimulations which a individual experiences. This is specifically distinguished as keeping of about 20 to thirty ( 20-30 ) seconds which implies that a limited measure of informations is contained. This type of memory is indispensable in one’s day-to-day processing of experiences ( World Wide Web. mind-memory-improvement. com ) . Long-run memoryis defined as affecting the consolidation and organisation of complex cognition and information for farther mention and other cognitive ( mental ) processing such as the application of larning or information into meaningful experiences . This is illustrated through the information like a person’s ain birthday. his/her father’s name. and the visual aspect of his/her place ( www. mind-memory-improvement. com ) . In other words. to acquire an overview of these constructs. bothShort-runandlong-run memories.are concerned with how you continually form informations that are stored in your encephalon. In short. human memory is like a huge and complicated yet organized library. instead than a rubbish can or disordered shop room( World Wide Web. mind-memory-improvement. com ) . In the whole acquisition procedure that is portion and package of being human. it implies a certain grade of memory and forgetting. What is retrieving? Remembering is defined as continuity of acquisition after pattern has ceased. Harmonizing to Hilgard. it is to show in present responses some marks of earlier learned responses ( 1983 ) . The sorts of retrieving are: Reintegration ( the proficient term for reintegrate ) ; it is to restore an earlier experience on the footing of partial cues. For case. a fragment of a vocal reestablishes the first dance a miss had with the male child she had a crush on. the topographic point and the clip attender to the event and all the affecting memories associated with it. This may non be detailed or uncomplete. Recall ; simple resurgence of past experience and may affect motor or verbal accomplishments. like remembering the dance steps one learned in his/her physical instruction category. or in remembering a verse form learned in the old classs. Recognition ; involves acknowledging person or something familiar. An person may be asked to place a suspected felon he saw pilfering something from the supermarket in the old yearss. He/she may pick out the individual on the footing on acquaintance. Relearning ; involves more rapid larning than earlier on the footing of some keeping from earlier acquisition. In relearning experiments. when the topic can reproduce a given organic structure of a stuff harmonizing to a criterion originally used. it is said that he/she has met a standard of command ( Hilgard. 1983 ) . What is burying? Forgeting is the loss of the ability to remember. remember. or reproduce what has been antecedently learned. There are assorted theories that presume possible causes of the procedure. Among these are: a ) Passive decay through neglect B ) Systematic deformation of the memory hint degree Celsius ) Intervention effects ( retroactive and proactive suppression ) . and vitamin D ) Motivated forgetting ( Atkinson. 2000 ) . Explaining the Theoretical Positions Passive Decay through neglect This theory assumes that burying takes topographic point through the transition of clip. It assumes that larning leaves a hint in the encephalon or nervous system – thememory hintwhich involves some kind of physical alteration. With clip. metabolic procedures of the encephalon cause a attenuation or decay of the memory hints so that hints of the stuff one time learned bit by bit disintegrate and finally disappear ( Plotnik. 1996 ) . Systematic Distortion of memory hints This theory besides assumes alterations in memory hints. The orderly alterations in reproducing things from memory ( qualitative alterations ) can be attributed to self-generated alterations in the memory hints. Qualitative alterations are revealed in deformations of memory such as those which occur in rumours or in pictural stuffs which are transmitted from individual to individual or are recalled merely at intervals by a individual individual. Detailss are either omitted or added and sometimes the narrative or image is made better than the original ( Plotnik. 1996 ) . Intervention Effectss ( Retroactive or proactive suppression ) Retroactive suppressionrefers to a loss in keeping as the consequence of new larning which acts as dorsum up and inhibits the hints of older acquisition.Proactive suppressionrefers to similar inhibitory effects which occur when the interpolated stuff is placed in front of the stuffs to be learned ( Atkinson. 2000 ) . Motivated Forgeting The psychoanalytic school properties burying to motivational factors. including memory loss which is the complete forgetting of one’s personal yesteryear and to repression. which is the forgetting of stuff that is psychologically painful or inconsistent with the individual’s rating of the ego ( Atkinson. 2000 ) Other theories – Quantitative decay of keeping 1 ) Attitudinal and motivational factors – things we desire to retrieve are more easy remembered ; while indifference or deficiency of involvement may do more rapid forgetting ( Santrock. 2000 ) . 2 ) Nature of stuffs learned – stuffs that are meaningful and that lend themselves to good organisation are non easy forgotten. It is for this ground instructors or teachers must hold a good cognition of their students’ psychological makeup so that the latter will hold better opportunities of taking in the lessons ( Santrock. 2000 ) . 3 ) Emotional barricading – ( related to motivational forgetting ) Many pupils for case. province that they have experienced this status at some points in their academic lives ( Santrock. 2000 ) . 4 ) Faulty techniques of survey. – normally a pupil or any scholar for that affair. naively thinks that what he/she knows as personal survey wonts are really sufficient or equal. Sensitive and concerned instructors ( or some parents ) finally are the 1s who point these out to pupils. It is all the more necessary that the earlier diagnosing be in topographic point so that the development of good techniques will be taught and/or enhanced ( Santrock. 2000 ) . Decision Remembering and burying are signifiers of behaviour explained from different point of views by such theories as inactive Decay through Disuse. Systematic Distortion of memory Traces. Interference Effects and Motivated Forgetting. A pupil who learns that neglect consequences to disintegrate. will now guarantee that he/she put to utilize and do changeless pattern his/her regimen. Other grounds or factors are every bit of import that stuff are more thoroughly absorbed and assimilated to avoid the booby traps that pervade a scholar in his/her acquisition procedure. Although such things as wear and tear that accompanies ageing are at times unmanageable factors. and are tolerably the usual alibis of those who forget in their ripening old ages. some persons defy this common happening. Therefore. dismissing systemic or organic harm from the environment via accidents and pollution. the scientific groundss still indicate to the fact that the human encephalon is a powerful and extremely capable organ with more of its countries or frontiers to be explored. The branchings of the subject explored are to the incalculable advantages of a individual and considered additions in his/her personal apprehension and significance of memory. Mention: _____ Dictionaryby Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006.  © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Atkinson. R. L. . R. C. Atkinson. E. E. Smith. D. J. Bem. and S. Nolen-Hoeksema. 2000. Hilgard’s debut to psychological science. 13Thursdayed. New York: Harcourt College Publishers. Hilgard. E. R. . R. R. Atkinson. and R. C. Atkinson ( 1979 ) 1983.Introduction to Psychology.7Thursdayed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanich. Inc. Morris. Charles with Albert Maisto. 1999. Understanding psychological science. 4Thursdayerectile dysfunction. Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey. In Neisser. U ( 1982 ) .Memory observed: Memory in natural contexts. San Francisco: Freeman. Plotnik. R. 1996.Introduction to Psychology. 4Thursdayerectile dysfunction. Pacific grove. California 93950: Brooks/Cole Printing Company. Santrock. J. W. 2000.Psychology.New York: McGraw-Hill. Internet Beginning:hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mind-memory-improvement. info/sharp_memory_factors. hypertext markup language

The Truth About Its

The Truth About Its The Truth About Its The Truth About Its By Maeve Maddox The first article I submitted to DWT was on the error of writing its for its. I was too late. Michael (Its or Its?) had beaten me to it. No doubt about it the error of writing its for its is on everybodys list of top ten errors that damage a writers credibility. So why do so many of us keep making this error in our drafts? As well as I know the rule, as many times as I have corrected the error in the manuscripts of others, the occasional its for its creeps into my own writing and must be caught in the final revision. Why do we do it? Because our subconscious mind tells us that the spelling its as a possessive is not un-English in the way that other errors are. We write the houses roof, so why not write its roof? The error its for its is the result of an instinctive mirroring of the possessive apostrophe s we use to form the possessive of nouns. Heres the kicker: when the third person neuter possessive adjective came into the language in the 16th century, it was spelled its for the very reason that the new form was modeled on the s of the possessive noun. The spelling its for the possessive adjective was acceptable down to about 1800 (A.C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, p. 295). Nowadays, however, to write its roof instead of its roof marks a writer as pitiably ignorant of the rules of punctuation and orthography. Im not suggesting for a minute that we throw the rule out the window. Its too firmly established for us to disregard it. All I wish to point out is that the errorwhile a mark of carelessness if permitted to escape the final revision of your manuscriptis the result of linguistic instinct, not obstinacy. Moral: Rules of behavior are often arbitrary, like driving on the right side of the road in a given country. Arbitrary or not, we ignore them at our peril. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†The Difference Between "will" and "shall"10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

Panoramic X-Rays Using Sirona Machine Galileos Galaxies Research Paper

Panoramic X-Rays Using Sirona Machine Galileos Galaxies - Research Paper Example The panoramic technology has the capability of increasing the diagnostic value in dental surgeries (Choi et al. 2010). The technology is able to achieve this by the fact that it is able to extend the diagnostic spectrum with an image, by use of classical panoramic in the machine GALILEOS GALAXIS. In fact, it has been claimed that the introduction of the GALILEOS in the dentistry world has enhanced the diagnostic tools as well as operational, data of the patients, therapy, and prevention. The enhancement of the image will further enable the automatic displaying of the image after the scan has been completed. This is achieved within the SIDEXIS and it can all be done with a single click of the machine.Evidently, the technological features of the machine GALILEOS enable x-ray imaging, whereby the whole oral-maxillofacial region is observed in a 3D dimension (Thomas&Angelopoulos, 2008). This allows for concurrent assessing and treating the patient. It also allows for a diagnostic 3D volu me extending beyond the previously applied two-dimensional views of images. The 3D volume enables detailed assessment of the teeth, anatomic features and the bone structure in their spatial display. The technological features also integrate the application of software to present panoramic formatted images familiar with dentists who base their explorations for the three-dimensional outlay in their diagnostic procedures.Amongst the many dental technology features developed by Sirona is GALILEOS (Umre, 2009).

Marilyn Levine Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marilyn Levine - Term Paper Example The shadows play an important role in transforming her art into something real. The scale of Levine’s â€Å"P.H.V. Strap† is quite small with a physical dimension of 5.1 x 21.6 x 10.2 cm. And how the ceramic strap is folded impressed me very much. Bending the ceramic strap facilitates Lavine’s art to look as if it is a true waist belt. I choose artist Marilyn Levine because of her choice of objects for her art work. Lavine heavily employs objects or imagery that have human utility; bags, shoes, jackets are vivid examples of things that have human use. Through Levine’s work, ordinary objects seen in everyday life appear to have an aesthetic value. The play of illusion in Levine’s ceramic art truly evokes or appeals to my mind. The technique utilized in her work questions my very perception of the world. Though ordinary things, they seem not to be ordinary when viewed in Lavine’s wok of art. In the process, I quite enjoyed appreciating her work. To evaluate Levine’s â€Å"P.H.V. Strap† requires the consideration of the artist’s technique and the art itself. The texture, tone, and play of the shadows are examples of evaluating her

Spiritual Diversity Essay Example for Free

Spiritual Diversity Essay Abstract ]When meeting individuals and their families with various religious and spiritual backgrounds, it is important for nurses and health care providers to be comfortable and competent in providing religious and spiritual based care. To provide holistic care, understanding the religion or spiritual background of the patient and how it impacts their health care is an important factor for their health care planning. Three religions are studied within this paper; The Baha’i Faith, Buddhism, and Jehovahs Witness, and are compared with the Christian Faith. Key points were researched, which include getting a more in-depth understanding on the various perspectives on healing, the critical components of healing, and grasping a concept of the relationship between their beliefs and that of their health care provider. The Baha’i Faith includes prayer and meditation with the combination of modern medicine, in which can be lead to healing. A peaceful environment should be provided for patients and their families to promote prayer. Buddhism individuals also practice prayer and meditation, and follow a more restrictive diet. Keeping these key points in mind when caring for a patient of the Buddhist religion can ensure a more holistic approach. Jehovahs Witness can be known to refuse specific treatments. Offering alternatives can be possible. Jehovahs Witness patients wish to have a high level of respect, without being judged of their decisions. When comparing the four religions, it is found they all have the commonality of prayer, having a peaceful healing environment, and to be respected by their caregivers. Diversity in Health Care Health care providers meet and interact with many people of different ages, race, and religious and spiritual backgrounds. Being a provider to someone with a different background than his or her own can often be a difficult task. It is often thought that caring for an individual is solely based on the physical aspect, but to provide true, holistic care to an individual, all needs must be taken into consideration. Health care is typically defined as being multidimensional, and requires a degree of depth and balance between the elements of physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual health, and the dynamics between each and all of these influence that of another (Black, Furney, Graf, Nolte, 2010, p. 244). Spirituality plays a large role on the road of healing, and a health care provider must be able to understand and incorporate their individualized needs into their care. The religious and spiritual components of three different religions will be further discussed within this paper; grasping a more in-depth understanding of the spiritual perspective on healing, critical components on healing, and the relationship between their beliefs and that of their health care provider. The Baha’i Faith, Buddhism, and Jehovah’s Witness will be studied, and compared to the Christian Faith. Education and competence is a necessity when it comes to cultural and religious aspects in the health care field. To fully grasp and understand patients’ needs while they are in a hospital setting, can be challenging. Asking open-ended questions to an individual and their family can help the physicians and nurses further individualize patient centered care. For many cultures, religion plays a large role in their day-to-day lives, and when faced with illness, continuation of their practices needs to be incorporated to assist with the healing process. Another important aspect of spiritual diversity is to fully understand and be conscious of one’s own spiritual and cultural beliefs. This can allow for a lack of bias in the care that is provided, and to assure care is truly patient centered. For members of the Baha’i faith, there is only one God, and He is believed to be the Creator of the universe. The soul of human beings is essentially the identity of each individual, and the relationship between God grows and develops through prayer, moral self-discipline, and gives a meaning to life (The Baha’i Faith, 2012). Like many religions, life is seen as a joyous, eternal process that involves the discovery and growth of spirituality. Prayer and meditation are practiced to progress spiritually, and combined with medicine; it is believed that sickness can be healed. In the health care setting, prayer and meditation is a large part in the Baha’i faith, as well as symbols or pictures of the son of the Prophet Fou nder of the Baha’i Faith, ‘Abdu I-Baha’, which should all be treated with respect. No special prayer room is needed for an individual of this religion, but assisting in giving a peaceful environment will provide a suitable environment for the patient and their family. There are no dietary restrictions for a patient of the Baha’i faith, with an exception of the Fasting period, which is March 20-21st, when members aged 15-70 do not eat or drink between dawn and sunset (The Baha’i Faith, 2012). This fasting period can have an exception to those who are ill, but that is dependent on the individual. When providing care to an individual of the Baha’i faith, it is essential to understand and respect the views of the patient, and to allow time for prayer and meditation. Being the fourth largest religion in the world, Buddhism is a religion that many nurses and health care providers may come across more often. Like Christianity, Buddhism follows the principle of reciprocity, or the â€Å"‘Golden Rule’: To do onto others as you would wish them to do onto you† (Robinson, 2009). In the Buddhist religion, Buddha offered advice to members of the religion to assist them in healing quickly and thoroughly. His recommendatio ns consisted of eating selective foods, to consume foods at the proper intervals, keep an optimistic outlook, be kind, considerate, and cooperative to those who are taking care of them, and stay in touch with the physicians and nurses. Beliefs are, following these recommendations will yield the best results from treatments (â€Å"Buddhism, Medicine, and Health† n.d). Respect between the health care providers and the patient and their family is held very high with the Buddhist religion. Treatments recommended by the physician typically have no restrictions, including blood transfusions. Most Buddhists are vegetarian or vegan, so incorporating a special diet into their care will help build a level of confidence between the patient and the health care team. Prayer and meditation also is a part of the Buddhist practice, and Buddha figurines or pictures may be brought in by family members to help look over the patient. A Christian-based religious denomination that consists of approximately 6.9 million people makes up the religious movement, Jehovah’s Witness. Members of this religious group differ from the Christian religion in many ways, such as with the refusal of many health treatments or procedures such as blood transfusions (â€Å"Jehovah’s Witness†, 2009). When taking care of a patient who is a Jehovah’s Witness, the nurse needs to keep in mind the restrictions the patient may have regarding any blood transfusions or blood products. Having knowledge of and providing options for alternatives instead of a blood product will be necessary and useful for the patient when it comes to making decisions related to this issue. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not believe in faith healing, but will pray and reach out to their faith beliefs to guide them in the healing process. As a health care worker, having the Chaplain visit the patient and their family can help the patient feel more comfortable and gives them an additional outlet to pray and reconcile their religious beliefs during difficult times. When taking care of a patient who is a Jehovah’s Witness, the most important concept is respect and trust. Patients are trusting in modern medicine, the physicians, and nurses to help them heal, and deserve the right to refuse treatment without judgment of their decision. Receiving care from an individual who is of different religious or cultural background does not make a difference in the response of treatment, and a tr usting relationship should not be difficult to build as long as the caregiver acknowledges, respects, and does all they can to provide appropriate religious care to the patient. People who are of the Christian religion are acceptable to most medical treatments, and while there are typically no restrictions per their religion, refusal of a treatment or procedure is most often due to personal preference. While in a hospital setting, offering to have a Chaplain visit the patient on a weekly or as needed basis can create a sense of connection with the Lord, and grant some ease and comfort to the patient. Christianity places a lot of their healing in the hands of God, and believes in the power of prayer. When comparing Buddhism, Jehovah’s Witness, and the Baha’i Faith to Christianity, there are some evident similarities between them all. Each share the appreciation for the health care provider to respect and incorporate their needs and beliefs, even when their provider has a different belief or background than the patients. All four of these religions share a commonality of a higher being in which they worship and put their faith in, and who they send their prayers in times of illness or hardship. Respect is the most prevalent common factor of these religions that individuals wish from their health care providers, and is also one of the simplest ways the provider can give back to their patient. If a health care provider is unfamiliar with a religion or the way they practice, a great way to show the patient you are truly interested in the patient centered care is to actively learn their rituals or beliefs, and accommodate it into their care. Taking care of patients of a different culture or religion can often create a feeling of distress between the nurse and patient, and â€Å"misunderstandings occur because of the difference in backgrounds, experiences, mannerisms, assumptions, and expectations† (McNutt, n.d, para. 2). It is important for the health care provider to ask questions to the patient or family members in regards to diet, spiritual needs, and any special accommodations that could be incorporated into patient care. Doing so can help the patient heal in a more comfortable environment, gain trust and respect of their providers, and yield better patient outcomes and compliance. References Black, J., Furney, S., Graf, H., Nolte, A. (2010). Philosophical foundations of health education. Retrieved from Google ebookstore http://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=KL_pBVZftwICoi=fndpg=PA243dq=spiritual+and+holistic+careots=sIGdQb4TzTsig=fa0-Z1gaIuc1camBWlGw3UmRobQ#v=onepageq=spiritual%20and%20holistic%20caref=false â€Å"Buddhism, Medicine, and Health†. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.blia.org/english/publications/booklet/pages/37.htm Jehovah’s Witness at a glance. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/witnesses/ataglance/glance.shtml McNutt, B. (n.d). Patients from different cultures. Retrieved from http://www.streetdirectory.com/etoday/patients-from-different-cultures-pplejf.html Robinson, B. (2009). Buddhism’s core beliefs. Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism1.htm â€Å"The Baha’i Faith†. Prayer, Meditation, and Fasting. (2012). Retrieved from http://info.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-7.html

Essay --

In April 2003 the Minnesota Senate passed the Minnesota Personal Protection Act (MPPA). This made Minnesota a "shall issue" state where a properly trained, law abiding adult could apply and receive a permit to carry a firearm. States that allow citizens to carry have less violent crimes then those that don’t allow permits. A permit to carry is another prevention method that allows you to be prepared for emergencies. The MPPA sets out guidelines to insure that not just anyone can receive their permit to carry. Carrying a gun is a big responsibility and it shouldn’t be taken lightly. However I believe the MPPA was the right choice for Minnesotans. When Minnesota became a â€Å"right to carry† state many anti- MPPA supporters claimed that by passing the MPPA that it would lead to blood in the streets. Today there are 40 â€Å"right to carry† states with about 6 million permit holders in the US. In Minnesota there are over 160,000 people with a permit to carry. The FBI’s crime reports shows that violent crimes are 26% higher in states that do not allow permits to carry. There is 2.5 million death...

Literature Review Format Essay

Literature Review This packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor. This packet is subdivided into six sections: I. General Information States what a literature review is and what purpose it serves. II. Process Gives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review. III. Organization Explains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review. IV. Format Provides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B). V. Checklist Allows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines. VI. Resources Lists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information. General Information Definition Literature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis. In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if they  Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 were researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amount and quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper: †¢ Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: â€Å"why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out† (Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J. , 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective. †¢ Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review â€Å". . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis]. † Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review. Purpose Although literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand. In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-Specificity A literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. †¢ Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis. †¢ Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis. Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 REVIEW 1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between the author’s thesis and the literature being reviewed? 2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in? Process 1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review. 2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things: A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw in research, continuing previous research, etc . . . B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to your research problem. You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B). 3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review. 4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis. 5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review. 6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relate to your thesis. 7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review. 8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review. 9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues. 10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological. 11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion. 12. Complete the final draft of the literature review. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors. 14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused. Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature Review You may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response: What is the purpose of the research or work? What research or literary methods are used? How do the major concepts operate? In a research study, how accurate are the measurements? In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the study or of the literary work itself? REVIEW 1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review? Why? Justify your response(s). Organization A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically. Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below. Example The organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoring communication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess: †¦Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . . Then state what angle is going to be explored: †¦These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center†¦ Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developed and are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 In the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations. In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself: -Research Review -Recommended Spatial Arrangement -Alternative Spatial Arrangement -Other Considerations. Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings: †¦While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs†¦ Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is  especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic. Example The organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess: †¦This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century†¦ Then state what angle is going to be explored: .. As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well†¦ Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review: Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time. In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question) that is being asked for a particular time period: -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s -Current Advancements Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as â€Å"This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. † 1 Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings: Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public. Format There are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review. Format A Outline I. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph. a. Identify the general topic being discussed. b. Mention trends published about the topic. c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literature review. d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating the literature review and rationalizing its organization II. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study. a. First study is summarized and discussed. b. Second study is summarized and discussed. c. Third study is summarized and discussed. III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies. a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed. b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed. IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review. a. Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section III of your review. b. Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area of study such as a specific discipline or profession Format B  organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 Format B Outline I. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph. a. Identify the general topic being discussed. b. Mention trends published about the topic. c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literature review. d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating the literature review and rationalizing its organization II. Similiarities within the research are discussed. a.  First similarity among research is discussed. b. Second similarity among research is discussed. c. Third similiarity among research is discussed. III. Differences in the research are discussed. a. First difference between research is discussed b. Second difference between research is discussed c. Third difference between research is discussed IV. Conclusion/Summary a. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works. b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a larger area of study such as a specific discipline or profession. The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings. REVIEW 1. Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why? A Literature Review Checklist: Did I . . . . . . ? ? Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research ? State this thesis clearly in my introduction ? Define unfamiliar terms ? Incorporate background information to define the problem ? Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference ? List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 ? Describe the outcome of the work or the research ? Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions ? Avoid overquoting ? Check for grammar and punctuation errors ? Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation style Resources Brightwell, G.  and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. Retrieved August 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at the Asian Institute of Technology’s Web page at http://www. languages. ait. ac. th/EL21OPEN. HTM Central Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. Retrieved July 22, 2003 from http://www. library. cqu. edu. au/litreviewpages/ Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review. Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook – A blast from the past: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading21-1. html Taylor, D. , & Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips on conducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 from http://www. utoronto. ca/writing/litrev. html Trinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003 http://www. uea. ac. uk/~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review. pdf The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academic writing: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from http://www. wisc. edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature. html *In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled â€Å"References† and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently. Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria. Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow. Email at tutor@uhv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Racism

In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, you will read that through all the hard times and hardship family and friends will always stay together in the end. Discrimination is a commonly used subject in To Kill a Mockingbird. With the setting of To Kill a Mockingbird being in the early 1900’s racism was very common. The author used this information to his advantage because he was able to show how discrimination changed everyday interaction and life with other people. Everyday of our lives we come in contact with racism and discrimination against people with different colored skin..In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, there are inevitable examples on how racism has been used in Maycomb County. Bob Ewell accuses Tom Robinson, a young black man, of raping Mayella Ewell, a young white girl. Of course everyone knows that Tom Robinson is going to lose in the trial only because the court always favors white clients against black clients because: â€Å"In our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's word the white man always wins. They're ugly, but those are the facts of life† (X) Atticus tells Jem. This shows the power of racism in Maycomb County.The power is that just because a man is black means he loses in court no matter what. In the court is not the only time that racism occurs. When Atticus decided that he was going to defend Tom Robinson Francis, Atticus’s nephew, he calls him a â€Å"nigger-lover†. When Atticus asks him what he means he says, â€Å"Just what I said. Grandma says it's bad enough he lets you run wild, but now he turned out to be a nigger lover. † (X) This shows that even though Francis is in his family it doesn’t matter, if you’re racist you will be put down and stereotyped by anyone and everyone.Even when Atticus is defending a man in court he will be called names because of the man he is defending. Even though Atticus is everything but racist, Jem, Atticus’s son, were being brainwashed by the towns thoughts and opinions. One day as Jem and Scout were talking behind the courthouse Jem says something to scout that was very racist, â€Å"Once you have a drop of Negro blood, that makes you all black. † This shows that the thought of racism is not only seen in adults, but it is now flooding into the minds of children. In conclusion there are many forms of racism that were showed and used in Maycomb county within children and adults.

R. Buckminster Fuller, About a Visionary Designer

R. Buckminster Fuller, About a Visionary Designer Famous for his design of the geodesic dome, Richard Buckminster Fuller spent his life exploring what the little, penniless, unknown individual might be able to do effectively on behalf of all humanity. Background: Born: July 12, 1895 in Milton, Massachusetts Died: July 1, 1983 Education: Expelled from Harvard University during freshman year. Received training at the U.S. Naval Academy while enlisted in the military. Fuller developed an early understanding of nature during family vacations to Maine. He became familiar with boat design and engineering as a young boy, which led him to serve in the US Navy from 1917 to 1919. While in the military, he invented a winch system for rescue boats to pull downed airplanes out of the ocean in time to save the lives of pilots. Awards and Honors: 44 honorary doctoral degreesGold Medal of the American Institute of ArchitectsGold Medal of the Royal Institute of British ArchitectsNominated for Nobel Peace PrizeJanuary 10, 1964: Featured on the cover of Time magazine 2004: Featured on a commemorative stamp by the US Postal Service. The artwork was the painting of Fuller by Boris Artzybasheff (1899-1965), an image that originally appeared on Time magazine. Important Works: 1926: Co-inventor of a new way to manufacture reinforced concrete buildings. This patent led to other inventions.1932: The portable Dymaxion house, an inexpensive, mass-produced home that could be airlifted to its location.1934: The Dymaxion car, a streamlined, three-wheeled automobile that could make extraordinarily sharp turns.1938: Nine Chains to the Moon 1946: The Dymaxion Map, showing planet Earth on a single flat map without visible distortion of the continents.1949: Developed the Geodesic Dome, patent in 1954.1967: Biosphere, the US Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal, Canada1969: Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth1970: Approaching the Benign Environment 1975: Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (read Synergetics online) Quotes by Buckminster Fuller: Whenever I draw a circle, I immediately want to step out of it.You must choose between making money and making sense. The two are mutually exclusive.We are blessed with technology that would be indescribable to our forefathers. We have the wherewithal, the know-it-all to feed everybody, clothe everybody, and give every human on Earth a chance. We know now what we could never have known beforethat we now have the option for all humanity to make it successfully on this planet in this lifetime. Whether it is to be Utopia or Oblivion will be a touch-and-go relay race right up to the final moment. What Others Say About Buckminster Fuller: He was really the worlds first green architect and was passionately interested in the issues of ecology and sustainability....He was very provocative- one of those people that if you met him, you would learn something or he would send you away and you would pursue a new line of inquiry, which would later turn out to be of value. And he was totally unlike the stereotype or the caricature that everybody assumed he was like. He was interested in poetry and the spiritual dimensions of works of art.- Norman Foster Source: Interview by Vladimir Belogolovskiy, archi.ru [accessed May 28, 2015] About R. Buckminster Fuller: Standing only 52 tall, Buckminster Fuller loomed over the twentieth century. Admirers affectionately call him Bucky, but the name he gave himself was Guinea Pig B. His life, he said, was an experiment. When he was 32 years old, his life seemed hopeless. Bankrupt and without a job, Fuller was grief stricken over the death of his first child, and he had a wife and a newborn to support. Drinking heavily, Buckminster Fuller contemplated suicide. Instead, he decided that his life was not his to throw away- it belonged to the universe. Buckminster Fuller embarked on an experiment to discover what the little, penniless, unknown individual might be able to do effectively on behalf of all humanity. To this end, the visionary designer spent the next half century searching for ways of doing more with less so that all people could be fed and sheltered. Although Buckminster Fuller never obtained a degree in architecture, he was an architect and engineer who designed revolutionary structures. Fullers famous Dymaxion House was a pre-fabricated, pole-supported dwelling. His Dymaxion car was a streamlined, three-wheeled vehicle with the engine in the rear. His Dymaxion Air-Ocean Map projected a spherical world as a flat surface with no visible distortion. Dymaxion Deployment Units (DDUs) were mass-produced houses based on circular grain bins. But Bucky is perhaps most famous for his creation of the geodesic dome- a remarkable, sphere-like structure based on theories of energetic-synergetic geometry which he developed while in the Navy during WWII. Efficient and economical, the geodesic dome was widely hailed as a possible solution to world housing shortages. During his lifetime, Buckminster Fuller wrote 28 books and was awarded 25 United States patents. Although his Dymaxion car never caught on and his design for geodesic domes is rarely used for residential dwellings, Fuller made his mark in areas of architecture, mathematics, philosophy, religion, urban development, and design. Visionary or Man With Wacky Ideas? The word dymaxion became associated with Fullers invention. It was coined by store advertisers and marketing associated, but is trademarked in Fullers name. Dy-max-ion is a combination of dynamic, maximum, and ion. Many concepts proposed by Buckminster Fuller are ones that today we take for granted. For example, way back in 1927, Fuller sketched a one-town world, where air transport over the North Pole would be viable and desirable. Synergetics: After 1947, the geodesic dome dominated Fullers thoughts.  His interest, like any architects interest, was in understanding the balance of compression and tension forces in buildings, not unlike the tensile architecture work of Frei Otto. Like Ottos German Pavilion at Expo 67, Fuller showcased his Geodesic Dome Biosphere at the same Exposition in Montreal, Canada. Lightweight, cost-effective and easy to assemble, geodesic domes enclose space without intrusive supporting columns, efficiently distribute stress, and withstand extreme conditions. Fullers approach to geometry was synergetic, based on the synergy of how parts of things interact to create the whole thing. Similar to Gestalt Psychology, Fullers ideas struck the right chord with visionaries and non-scientists especially. Source: USPS News Release, 2004 Architects on US Postage Stamps: 1966: Frank Lloyd Wright2004: Isamu Noguchi, Landscape Architect2004: R. Buckminster Fuller2015: Robert Robinson Taylor, Architect

Analysis of The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World

Analysis of The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World Colombian writer Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez (1927-2014) is one of the most important literary figures of the 20th century. Winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature, he is best known for his novels, particularly One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967). With its juxtaposition of ordinary details and extraordinary events, his short story The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World is an example of the style for which Garcà ­a Mrquez is famous: magic realism. The story was originally written in 1968 and was translated into English in 1972. Plot In the story, the body of a drowned man washes up in a small, remote town by the ocean. As the people of the town attempt to discover his identity and prepare his body for burial, they discover that he is taller, stronger and more handsome than any man they have ever seen. By the end of the story, his presence has influenced them to make their own village and their own lives better than they had previously imagined possible. The Eye of the Beholder From the beginning, the drowned man seems to take on the shape of whatever his viewers want to see. As his body approaches the shore, the children who see him imagine he is an enemy ship. When they realize he has no masts and therefore cant be a ship, they imagine he might be a whale. Even after they realize he is a drowned man, they treat him as a plaything because that’s what they wanted him to be. Though the man does seem to have some distinctive physical characteristics on which everyone agrees namely his size and beauty the villagers also speculate extensively about his personality and history. They reach agreement about details like his name that they couldnt possibly know. Their certainty seems to be both a part of the magic of magic realism and a product of their collective need to feel that they know him and that he belongs to them. From Awe to Compassion At first, the women who tend to the body are in awe of the man they imagine he once was. They tell themselves that if that magnificent man had lived in the village†¦ his wife would have been the happiest woman and that he would have had so much authority that he could have drawn fish out of the sea simply by calling their names. The real men of the village fishermen, all pale in comparison to this unrealistic vision of the stranger. It seems that the women arent entirely happy with their lives, but they do not realistically hope for any improvement they just fantasize about the unattainable happiness that could have been delivered to them only by this now-dead, mythical stranger. But an important transformation takes place when the women consider how the drowned mans heavy body will have to be dragged across the ground because it is so large. Instead of seeing the benefits of his enormous strength, they begin to consider that his large body might have been a terrible liability in life, both physically and socially. They begin to see him as vulnerable and want to protect him, and their awe is replaced by empathy. He begins to seem so defenseless, so much like their men that the first furrows of tears opened in their hearts, and their tenderness for him also equates to tenderness for their own husbands who have begun to seem lacking in comparison to the stranger. Their compassion for him and their desire to protect him put them in a more active role, making them feel capable of changing their own lives rather than believing they need a superhero to save them. Flowers In the story, flowers come to symbolize the lives of the villagers and their own sense of efficacy in improving their lives. We are told at the beginning of the story that the houses in the village had stone courtyards with no flowers and which were spread about on the end of a desertlike cape. This creates a barren and desolate image. When the women are in awe of the drowned man, they passively imagine that he could bring improvement to their lives. They speculate that he would have put so much work into his land that springs would have burst forth from among the rocks so that he would have been able to plant flowers on the cliffs. But there is no suggestion that they themselves or their husbands could put forth this kind of effort and change their village. But thats before their compassion allows them to see their own ability to act. It takes a group effort to clean the body, to sew large enough clothes for it, to carry the body, and to stage an elaborate funeral. They even have to enlist the help of neighboring towns to get flowers. Further, because they do not want him to be orphaned, they choose family members for him, and through him all the inhabitants of the village became kinsmen. So not only have they worked as a group, they have also become more emotionally committed to each other. Through Esteban, the townspeople are united. They are cooperative. And they are inspired. They plan to paint their houses gay colors and dig springs so they can plant flowers. But by the end of the story, the houses have yet to be painted and the flowers have yet to be planted. But whats important is that the villagers have stopped accepting â€Å"the dryness of their courtyards, the narrowness of their dreams.† They are determined to work hard and make improvements, they are convinced that they are capable of doing so, and they are united in their commitment to realize this new vision.

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global warming - Research Paper Example Global warming is the buzzword echoing around the world. Global warming is a topic which finds its place in the news headlines, on TV, every alternate day. Global Warming is an overall augmentation in the surface temperature of the planet consequently leading to climatic changes. These changes are owing to heat ensnared by various green house gases encompassing carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs and ozone. This has lead to various repercussions such as increased flooding, hot summers, rise in diseases, etc, etc. However, the other perspective is, it might not be as serious an issue as believed to be. There has not been sufficient evidence to prove the direct link of global warming with natural calamities. So, this paper will discuss both the pros and cons of this global warming argument. Background The "Greenhouse Effect" is entirely a natural process which takes place on an everyday basis. However, the trouble only begins, when there are heightened emissions from man creat ed industries and other automobile forms, generating amounts of carbon dioxide which are far higher than the permissible levels. The list of greenhouse gases includes water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone and nitrous oxide. ... They contribute to more than 20% of the carbon dioxide emission in the atmosphere, a contribution is far more then the contribution by vehicles. Deforestation is also on rise to create space for these set ups and to procure fuel by burning wood, again contributing to Global Warming. The trouble happens when the large scale combustion of fossil fuels happen everyday in the industries and in automobiles, and results in generating high amounts of the main GHG, carbon dioxide. The level of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has shown an uphill path, again due to human initiated industrialization. â€Å"Humans have been modifying the environment through processes associated with industrialization...One of the most important results of these activities has been increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)† (Berliner 32). Cons of Global Warming Sceptics consider global warming as a myth, a fantasy or a Western agenda, but they might have no answer for the various nat ural calamities all over the world particularly the floods in Australia or the frequent droughts in any other parts of the world. The effects of global warming are tremendous as well as very hazardous. One of the first things we may probably notice is the fluctuation of extreme weather conditions. Very hot summers and extremely cold and chilly winters are its first indication. The effects and the resultant damages of global warming were what that concerns the people. It is taking its toll on the polar ice caps, in the form of a sudden meltdown, with the glaciers in the Arctic region disappearing at much a faster rate. â€Å"The Arctic is warming at twice the rate of the rest of the world and the sea ice